Multiplex Carbapenemase Resistance

Carbapenem antibiotics represent last-resort therapeutic options for serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria, making carbapenemase-producing organisms a critical public health threat. Carbapenemase enzymes produced by resistant bacteria inactivate carbapenem and beta-lactam antibiotics through enzymatic hydrolysis, rendering these critical medications ineffective. Multiple carbapenemase gene families have been identified including KPC, OXA, IMP, VIM, and NDM variants, with different geographic distributions and clinical epidemiology. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) cause healthcare-associated infections with limited treatment options, high mortality rates, and substantial healthcare costs.