Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming gram-positive bacterium that is found in many environmental sources as well as in the intestines of humans and animals. C. perfringens causes several forms of enteric diseases, including food poisoning and fatal enterotoxemia. Based on the presence of four major lethal toxins (alpha-, beta-, epsilon-, and iota-toxins), C. perfringens is classified into five toxigenic types (A through E), and each type can cause different diseases. The most commonly encountered type A (alpha-toxin) strain causes gas gangrene (myonecrosis), diarrhea, and food-borne illness in humans.
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